Which therapeutic approach relies

Ask a new question. Ask a question. Sign up. Question 33 Multiple Choice. Which therapeutic approach relies most heavily on patients' discovering their own ways of effectively dealing with their difficulties? A psychoanalysis B cognitive therapy C systematic desensitization D client-centered therapy Correct Answer: Explore answers and other related questions.

Explore This Quiz Learn More. Psychology Explore our library and get Introductory Psychology Homework Help with various study sets and a huge amount of quizzes and questions Study sets. View All Psychology Study Sets. Upload material to get free access Upload Now. African-Americans have been found to use significantly more non-verbal communication and non-verbal cues. If a Caucasian therapist is trying to encourage a client to communicate verbally in a session, the therapist may misunderstand the non-verbal communication cues given off by a client of another race.

The sociocultural perspective looks at you, your behaviors, and your symptoms in the context of your culture and background. As our society becomes increasingly multiethnic and multiracial, mental health professionals must develop cultural competence, which means they must understand and address issues of race, culture, and ethnicity.

They must also develop strategies to effectively address the needs of various populations for which Eurocentric therapies therapies with a strong European or Western bias have limited application. For example, a counselor whose treatment focuses on individual decision-making may be ineffective at helping a Chinese client with a collectivist approach or more group-based approach to problem-solving Sue, This sociocultural perspective integrates the impact of cultural and social norms, starting at the beginning of treatment.

Therapists who use multicultural therapy work with clients to obtain and integrate information about their cultural patterns into a unique treatment approach based on their particular situation.

This approach also examines how certain ethnicities in the United States are less likely to access mental health services than their White middle-class American counterparts.

Barriers to treatment include lack of insurance, transportation, and time; cultural views that mental illness is a stigma; fears about treatment; and language barriers. A number of research studies have also found gender to be an important factor in how an individual communicates. The ways in which men and women are socialized in Western countries determines how they will express themselves, how they will experience and express their emotions, and what is considered normal or abnormal.

At the same time, people raised as female are encouraged to talk about feelings such as sadness, love, hurt, fear much more than males are; those raised as male are often taught to repress these feelings or keep them hidden. Symptoms of depression will often manifest very differently between men and women due to how each gender is socially taught to channel their emotions for instance, depression in men will often manifest as increased irritability or anger.

If a therapist fails to take into account the differing ways in which males and females are socialized, and how this manifests psychologically, they might misunderstand and misdiagnose what a client is encountering.

Depression and gender : This statue by Antun Augustincic depicts a woman who is depressed. Due to gender socialization, men and women may express depression differently, which is an important consideration when planning a course of therapy. Several research methods can be used to evaluate which therapeutic approaches are the most beneficial under which circumstances.

Describe the research methods and criteria that are used to determine the effectiveness of therapy. Researchers who assess therapy are interested in areas such as whether or not counseling is effective, under what conditions it is effective, and what outcomes are considered effective—such as symptom reduction, behavior change, or quality-of-life improvement.

Topics commonly explored in studies of counseling processes and outcomes include therapist variables, client variables, the counseling or therapeutic relationship, cultural variables, process and outcome measurement, mechanisms of change, and process and outcome research methods.

Therapist variables include the characteristics of the therapist, the techniques of the therapist, therapist behavior, theoretical orientation, and training. The techniques of the therapist include the ways in which the therapist approaches the therapy sessions.

Client characteristics, such as help-seeking attitudes and attachment style, have been found to be related to seeking out counseling, expectations of counseling, and outcomes. Educating clients about expectations of counseling can improve client satisfaction and outcomes. The therapeutic relationship is defined as the feelings and attitudes that a client and therapist have toward one another and the manner in which those feelings and attitudes are expressed.

The amount of trust or distrust that a client has toward the therapist can have an impact on the outcome of therapy.

The therapeutic relationship has been found to predict treatment adherence and outcomes across a range of client diagnoses and treatment settings.

A positive relationship between the therapist and the client based on trust and confidence often leads to a good working alliance, in which the therapist and client can agree on tasks and goals for therapy.

When assessing the effectiveness of therapy, researchers often rely on mixed-method designs, which means using both quantitative and qualitative designs. Unfortunately, a number of theoretical models used in therapy, such as interviews and observations, lack quantitative data to support their effectiveness and rely solely on qualitative data. Ideally, therapies should use mixed methods to provide both quantitative and qualitative data. Each type of data provides different forms of information, together providing a fuller evaluation of the therapy.

Quantitative methods include randomly controlled clinical trials, correlational studies over the course of counseling, and laboratory studies about specific counseling processes and outcome variables. One way of gathering quantitative data is through the use of inventories. For example, the Outcome Questionnaire is a item self-report measure of psychological distress; the Beck Depression Inventory specifically measures depression; and the Quality of Life Inventory is a item self-report measure of life satisfaction.

These types of inventories can be given at the beginning of treatment when a client enters therapy and then again at some point near the end. The differences in scores can then be examined to determine if the quality of life has improved, if the distressing symptoms have decreased, and other factors that indicate the effectiveness of the therapeutic approach. Qualitative data can provide subjective information that cannot be measured or effectively captured by quantitative methods.

Many psychotherapists believe that the nuances of psychotherapy cannot be captured by quantitative, questionnaire-style observation, and prefer to rely on their own qualitative clinical experiences and conceptual arguments to support the type of treatment they practice. Flowchart of a randomized controlled trial : In a randomized controlled trial, people are randomly assigned to different groups that are receiving different treatment or no treatment at all, in order to study the effects of various treatment interventions.

A randomized controlled trial RCT is a type of scientific often medical experiment, where the people being studied are randomly allocated to one or another of the different treatments under study. The RCT is often considered the gold standard for a clinical trial.

RCTs are often used to test the efficacy or effectiveness of various types of medical intervention and may provide information about adverse effects, such as drug reactions. Random assignment of intervention is done after subjects have been assessed for eligibility and recruited, but before the intervention to be studied begins.

A meta-analysis comprises statistical methods for contrasting and combining results from different treatment-focused studies in the hope of identifying patterns among study results, sources of disagreement among those results, or other interesting relationships that may come to light in the context of multiple studies. Many meta-analyses have been used to explore the effectiveness of psychotherapy.

Another meta-analysis found that psychodynamic therapy was also as effective at treating these types of psychological issues as CBT Shedler, Privacy Policy. Skip to main content. Treating Psychological Disorders. Search for:.

Introduction to the Treatment of Psychological Disorders. Learning Objectives Discuss the history, goals, and types of psychotherapy. Key Takeaways Key Points The purpose of psychotherapy is to explore thoughts, feelings, and behaviors with the goal of problem -solving or achieving higher levels of functioning.

One of the earliest forms of psychotherapy was psychoanalysis, created by Sigmund Freud in the late 19th century. Psychoanalysis aims to help clients gain insights about unresolved issues from the past.

The type of psychotherapy used is often dependent on the the individual, their particular situation, and the problems from which they are suffering. Common types of psychotherapy include psychodynamic, humanistic, behavioral, cognitive, cognitive-behavioral, group, and a number of others.

Large-scale international reviews of scientific studies have concluded that psychotherapy is effective for numerous conditions; however, some criticize its effectiveness in favor of biomedical models. Key Terms classical conditioning : The use of a neutral stimulus, originally paired with one that invokes a response, to generate a conditioned response.

Skinner, that utilizes positive and negative reinforcement and positive and negative punishment to alter behavior. Learning Objectives Evaluate the efficacy of various types of biomedical therapies.

Key Takeaways Key Points Biological therapies approach psychological disorders as having biological causes and focus on eliminating or alleviating symptoms of psychological disorders. The mind and body are viewed as connected: poor physical health leads to poor mental health, and vice versa. For many, biomedical approaches can help enhance the effectiveness of psychotherapeutic approaches. Electroconvulsive therapy ECT involves using an electrical current to induce seizures in the brain in order to help alleviate the effects of certain severe mental disorders.

Psychosurgery is a type of neurosurgery in which a small piece of brain is destroyed or removed. Today it is rarely used, and only for particular mental illnesses. Key Terms placebo : A simulated or otherwise medically ineffectual treatment for a disease or other medical condition intended to deceive the recipient.

Influences of Culture and Gender in Psychotherapy Cultural and gender norms significantly shape how mental illness as well as therapy and various other treatment methods are perceived. Learning Objectives Analyze how culture and gender can influence the therapy process. Key Takeaways Key Points Those who favor multicultural therapy models focus on cultural specificity—that therapy should be adapted to various cultures due to differing cultural norms, expectations, and identities.

Those who argue for culturally specific therapy point to differing standards across cultures for what is deemed normal and what is psychopathological. In some cultures, for example, hallucinations are not seen as a mental illness. The majority of standards for what is normal or pathological are determined by European-American psychology—universal models are based on these standards. Advocates of cultural specificity argue that this reflects a power imbalance which denies individuals culturally appropriate care.

Various cultural groups communicate in different ways. The way men and women are socialized in Western countries determines how they will express themselves, how they will experience and express their emotions, and what is considered normal or abnormal. Key Terms pathological : Relating to, amounting to, causing, or caused by a physical or mental disorder.

Research Methods for Evaluating Treatment Efficacy Several research methods can be used to evaluate which therapeutic approaches are the most beneficial under which circumstances.

Learning Objectives Describe the research methods and criteria that are used to determine the effectiveness of therapy. Key Takeaways Key Points Researchers who assess therapy are interested in areas such as whether or not counseling is effective, under what conditions it is effective, and what outcomes are considered effective—such as symptom reduction, behavior change, or quality-of-life improvement. Topics commonly explored in the study of the counseling process and outcome include therapist variables, client variables, the counseling or therapeutic relationship, cultural variables, process and outcome measurement, mechanisms of change, and process and outcome research methods.

When assessing the effectiveness of therapy, researchers often rely on mixed methods, or both quantitative and qualitative designs. Qualitative methods may involve conducting, transcribing, and coding interviews or therapy sessions; analysis of single counseling sessions or counseling cases; or reported observations made by the therapist.